Angine

L’esquinancie.

angine

Angine, angina (Celse) de angere, étrangler. Squinanche, Synanche (Galien) (de σὺν, ἄγχω, étrangler) ou esquinancie, noms sous lesquels les anciens auteurs désignaient les affections suffocantes aiguës de pharynx et du larynx: angines, croup, phlegmons amygdaliens, rétropharyngiens, etc. Ce terme était comme on voit un peu confus: «Nos apoticaires barbiers ne sçachantz aucunement discerner des accidentz qui adviennent en ces parties, lesquels sans rien excepter ilz appellent Squinancie», dit Lisset Benancio, Déclaration des abuz et tromperies qui font les apoticaires, Médicine anecdotique, hist. et littéraire, 1901, p. 302. (Paul Delaunay)

angine

Voir chap. XXXII., n. 20. «Angine» est l’équivalent latin de «squinanche». Ce passage rappelle que Pantagruel, qui doit son nom à un petit diable des Mystères doué d’une vertu altérnative (voir Pantagruel, II), a maintes fois exercé ce pouvoir, et d’abord avec l’écolier limousin qui, toute sa vie altéré, «disoit souvent que Pantagruel le tenoit à la gorge» (Pantagruel, VI). Ainsi l’herbe de Pantagruel est toute destinée à serrer les gorges et convient excellemment aux étranglés et aux pendus.

esquinance

Spoken by Panurge, Chapter 32 of Le Tiers Livre:

«Attendez, que je vous donne à boyre dedans cestuy hanat Nestorien. Voulez vopus encores un traict de Hippocras blanc? Ne ayez paour de l’Esquinance, non. Il n’y a dedans ne Squinanthi, ne Zinzembre, ne graine de Paradis.»

Note re Hippocras blanc: Ce «vin aromatisé avec sucre et cannelle [ou cinnamome]», dit La Framboisière (voir chap XXX, n 23), Le Gouvernment, XVI, ne doit etre utilisé qu’à propos, «à cause que par sa chaleur et vaporation grande il excite plusieurs maladies dangereuses, comme la squinancie, l’apoplexie et la paralysie». Il est un remède convenable à «ceux qui sentent quelque froideur et débilité à l’estomach. On appellait «squinancies» les affections suffocantes de la gorge.

Villainement

De vaillainement, comme on lit dans l’édition de 1547. celle de 1553 a fait vaillamment, comme on lit dans celle de 1596 & dans les nouvelles, conformément à celle de 1626.

villainement

[Addendum to Le Duchat’s note] Et à celle de 1552.

Notes

Epicaste

“And I saw the mother of Oedipodes, beautiful Epicaste, who did a monstrous thing in the ignorance of her mind, wedding her own son; and he, when he had slain his own father, wedded her; and soon the gods made these things known among men. Nevertheless, in lovely Thebes, suffering woes, he ruled over the Cadmeans by the dire designs of the gods; but she went down to the house of Hades, the strong warder, making fast a deadly noose from the high ceiling, caught by her own grief; but for him she left behind countless woes, all that a mother’s Furies bring to pass.

Eustathius on Homer, Odyssey 11.277

It should be recognized that many people have hanged themselves out of grief and that according to the ancient account the daughters of Lycambes did so because of Archilochus’ poetry, since they could not bear the onslaught of his gibes. For the man was skilful at insulting, and hence “you have stepped on Archilochus” is a proverb with reference to those who are adept at such gibes, as if one were to say that you have stepped on a scorpion or snake or painful thorn.

Notes

Lydian Empire

Lydian Empire ca. 600 BCE

Achaeus

At the subsequent sitting of the Council, there were many proposals as to the proper punishment to inflict on Achaeus, and it was decided to lop off in the first place the unhappy prince’s extremities, and then, after cutting off his head and sewing it up in an ass’s skin, to impale his body. …

Thus did Achaeus perish, after taking every reasonable precaution and defeated only by the perfidy of those whom he had trusted, leaving two useful lessons to posterity, firstly to trust no one too easily, and secondly not to be boastful in the season of prosperity, but being men to be prepared for anything.

[For this kind of execution there are Near Eastern precedents, among them Bessus, the murderer of King Darius III, Arr. An. 4.7.3–4, with A. B. Bosworth, A Historical Commentary on Arrian’s History of Alexander, 2 (Oxford 1995), 44–45.]

Acheus

Or hanging like the captive Achaeus mayst thou die, who hung miserably by the stream that bears the gold.

[Note: A rebel against Antiochus the Great, who beheaded him, sewed him up in an ass’s skin and hung him on a cross at Sardis, by the “golden” river Pactolus (214 B.C.)]

Œuvres ed. Esmangart

Ou plutôt Achaeus. Ce roi de Lydie, fut pendu sur les rives du Pactole, selon Ovide dans le poëme d’Ibis, pas ses sujets, qui s’étoient révoltés contre lui, parceqi’il avoit volu établie sur eux de nouveaux impôts. Rabelais auroit pu en effet ajouter bien d’autres personnages de l’antiquité, historiques ou fabuleux, qui s’étoient pendus, entre autres Antigone et Menon; mais les huit qu’il nomme sont plus que suffisants pour éclaircir sa pensée, et prouver que le pantagruélion est la corde qui a été substituée de son temps à la hart, pour pendre ceux à qui Dieu avoit refusé la grace de croire à l’infaillibilité du pape, et qui lui préféroient celle de l’Évangile.

Acheus

Voy. Ovide, Ibis.

Achaeus

Ovid, Ibis 299.

Acheus

D’aprés Ovide, Ibis, 301, ses sujects l’aurient pendu, au bord du Pactole parce qu’il les accablait d’impôts. Il est difficile de dire si Rabelais a constitué lui-même cette liste de gens qui sont morts par pendaison ou s’il l’a trouvée tout faite dans les recueils d’esemples qui avaient cours de son temps. Voir Plattard, L’œuvre de Rabelais, p. 274.

Achæus

Achæus, King of Lydia, strung up by his subjects for overtaxing them.

Acheus

Ovide, Ibis, v. 301 (pendu par ses sujets qu’il accablait d’impôts).

Lydia

Lydia was an Iron Age kingdom of western Asia Minor located generally east of ancient Ionia in the modern western Turkish provinces of Uşak, Manisa and inland İzmir. Its population spoke an Anatolian language known as Lydian. Its capital was Sardis.

The Kingdom of Lydia existed from about 1200 BC to 546 BC. At its greatest extent, during the 7th century BC, it covered all of western Anatolia. In 546 BC, it became a province of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, known as the satrapy of Lydia or Sparda in Old Persian. In 133 BC, it became part of the Roman province of Asia.

Achaeus

Achaeus (Ancient Greek: Ἀχαιός, Akhaios; died 213 BC) was a general and later a separatist ruler of part of the Greek Seleucid kingdom. He was the son of Andromachus, whose sister Laodice II married Seleucus Callinicus, the father of Antiochus III the Great. He accompanied Seleucus Ceraunus, the son of Callinicus, in his expedition across mount Taurus against Attalus I, and after the assassination of Seleucus Ceraunus revenged his death; and though he might easily have assumed the royal power, he remained faithful to the family of Seleucus.

In 223 BC Antiochus III, the successor of Seleucus Ceraunus, appointed him to the command of all Asia Minor on the western side of Mount Taurus. Achaeus recovered all the districts which Attalus had gained for the Seleucids once more; but being falsely accused by Hermeias, the minister to Antiochus, of intending to revolt, he did so in self-defence, assumed the title of king, and ruled over the whole of Asia on the western side of the Taurus. As long as Antiochus was engaged in the war with Ptolemy, he would not march against Achaeus; but upon the conclusion of a treaty with Ptolemy, he crossed the Taurus, uniting his forces with Attalus, and in one campaign deprived Achaeus of his dominions and took Sardis (with the exception of the citadel). After sustaining a siege of two years, the citadel at last fell into the hands of Antiochus in 213, through the treachery of Bolis (who had been employed by Sosibius, minister to Ptolemy). Bolis pledged to deliver Achaeus to safety, but turned him over to Antiochus, who immediately put him to death.

Polybius, 4.2.6, 4.48, 4.51.4, 5.40, 5.42, 5.57, 7.15–18, 8.17–23

Notes

Leda

In F (the edition of 1552) are found the names Pheda and Leda, but not in the earlier W. The presumption is that the insertion of Leda and the omission of r in Phaedra are printer’s errors. Leda is not recorded to have hanged herself.

Leda

Léda ne s’est point pendue. Ce nom est entré dans le texte par une erreur du typographe qui aura mal lu Phædra.

Leda

Leda, unless she is wrongly included through some typographical error.

Leda

Léda ne s’est pas pendue. Phæda et Leda semblent des lectures fautive d’une addition de 1552 (var. a).

liste de pendus

Cette liste de pendus est presque tout entière dans Ravisius Textor, Officina, aux rubriques «Qui variis modis sibi consciuerunt» et «Cruce et suspendio mortui». In n’y manque que l’empereur Bonose (mais on le trouve à la rubrique «Vinolenti») et Léda. «Phæda, Leda» constitue une addition où le premier nom estropié (il s’agit de Phèdre) fait craindre que le second ne sout un coquille, car Léda n’a pas fini sa vie au bout d’une corde.